Is a set of internal forces that mobilize the individual to achieve a given target in response to a state of necessity, need or imbalance.
The word motivation comes from the Latin movere, which means "move". The motivation is what is likely to move the individual to get him to act, to achieve something (the objective), and will produce a goal-oriented behavior.
According to Maslow; (founder of humanistic psychology) the process as the individual goes thru basic needs such as feeding, the higher needs such as cognitive or aesthetic. Maslow provides a uniform hierarchy of needs on the idea that if they do not satisfy a basic need, it becomes impossible to satisfy other order superior. If we are hungry (physiological need), for example, we are unable to focus on aesthetic activities. This idea applies to all activities of life, affirming that all men aspire to self-realization of their full potential.
Hierarchy of motivations (ascending order) Maslow Pyramid:
1. Physiological needs (water, sunlight, food, oxygen, sex, shelter);
2. Necessity of security (free from fear and threats, not dependent on anyone, of autonomy, of not being abandoned, protection of confidentiality);
3. Necessity of affection or belonging (affection, companionship, interpersonal relationships, comfort, communication, give and receive love);
4. Necessity of prestige and social esteem (respect for personal dignity, deserved praise, self-esteem, individuality, sexual identity, sexual identity, recognition);
5. Needs for self-realization and creativity (self-expression, usefulness, creativity, production, entertainment);
6. Cognitive and curiosity, to see the world (namely, intelligence, study, understanding, encouragement, personal asset);
7. Esthetic (creating opportunities, personal autonomy, order, beauty, intimacy, truth, spiritual goals).
There is a classification of motives, but several. The motivations can be classified into two major groups:
1. Physiological (primary, organic): those linked to the survival of the organism and not a result of learning. They trigger certain impulses in the body to restore its balance. These motivations are closely related with certain internal state of the organism. Ex: breathing, hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, etc.. Homeostasis means that the mechanism regulating the body's internal balance.
2. Social motives (secondary culture) which depends essentially on learning; they were acquired in the socialization process. Ex: The need for coexistence, recognition of social success, etc.. This group can be subdivided:
a) Centered on the individual (self-affirmation): desire for security, to be accepted, to belong to a group, to achieve high social status, to enrich, etc..
b) Centered in society (independent of our interests): respect for others, solidarity, friendship, love, etc..
Some question this division of the motivations, saying that they all have a common background: the pursuit of pleasure, the only true source of all human actions.
So, there is a Motivational cycle:
1. Necessity; It is the reason for the action. It is caused by a state of imbalance due to a lack or deprivation (ex. Lack of food in the body);
2. Impulse or drive; It is the activities undertaken by necessity or reason; the internal energy that propels the individual to act in a given direction. (Ex: force that moves the individual to obtain food);
3. Answer; it is the activity triggered to achieve something (Ex: Looking for food);
4. Incentive; it is the purpose for which it guides the action. (Ex: eating the food);
5. Satiety; It is the satisfaction resulting from having attained the desired goal (after having eaten the food, hunger disappears).
This sequential behavior back to again and again whenever you need to repeat that causes them.
Psychology and Nutrition Reorientation
Feeding Behaviour refers to any food. A person who has just eaten chocolate today fed but not nourished properly. Nutrition refers to eat properly in quality and quantity.
Feeding behaviour is more "primitive, unconscious and less rational than nutrition, which can be considered more intelligent and scientifically substantiated.
Should be regulated by complex mechanism hunger - satiation, but it is important to understand that emotions, anxiety, depressive mood states and other negative psychological factors can profoundly alter it and thus the nutritional behaviour.
In nutritional guidelines aimed at slimming the person "knows" what to do and what to eat, but feel powerless to do so. Something stronger than his desire to prevent. Come hungry without knowing that it should not do it, but does so in the absence of pleasure. When eating is a temporary relief from the negative feeling of anxiety, guilt comes back stronger, leading people to eat more, to make ease the tension.
The person begins to avoid fattening and a whole range of situations and activities, and gratuities thereon. Decrease physical activity gained because, questions there appearance and avoid going to places where they have to expose themselves physically. This restricts their social life and may tend to isolation. This reaction causes the removal of others, but the fat does not seem to realize that this is due to their behaviour and not its appearance.
This anxiety increases the loneliness which in turn reinforces the anxiety. Drying up the pleasures of the poor quality of life and growing anxiety, the food assumes the role of "stress reducer" and often, sole source of pleasure! ... Self denial of pleasure leads one to reject there body and leads to an infantile dependence of food, which is to symbolize the body satisfaction and eventually form a vicious cycle.
The most tenuous signs of anxiety, even before they become aware they can be "cushioned" by the act of eating, automatic.
The child, from birth, establishes a bond with the mother through breastfeeding. The first sensations of anxiety (unpleasant feeling negative) are experienced when the baby is hungry.
The stress relief (good feeling) is achieved when the child eats (satiety). With the growth receives influences of family and culture that help shape an "eating style", deeply associated with positive and negative emotions and modifiable hardly by persuasion and information only. Examples of this, are patients that even well-motivated and driven professionals and teach them balanced nutritional guidance, customized and tasty end self sabotaging it at some point, so irrational, showing feeding behaviour governed by dark emotions and not reason, and unprepared for the nutritional guidance.
Obesity becomes, in this way, a maladaptive form of a use of feeding behaviour in an attempt to cover up problems that become progressively insoluble, gradually reducing the options of one's life.
Psychology can and should collaborate with the medical-nutrition, enabling nutrition behaviour through the control of feeding behaviour that the foregoing, acting in various ways, leading the patient to reassess the "continuum" hunger-satiety, focusing on and treating the gains side that keeps the fat person, working on self-image, often hampered by treating the co morbidities associated with obesity, such as mood disorders (depression), social phobia, personality disorders with binge eating and others, but particularly anxiety, deviating from the act of eating, allowing behavioural changes that allow a new style of life, essential to weight loss and weight maintenance later.
Feeding behaviour is more "primitive, unconscious and less rational than nutrition, which can be considered more intelligent and scientifically substantiated.
Should be regulated by complex mechanism hunger - satiation, but it is important to understand that emotions, anxiety, depressive mood states and other negative psychological factors can profoundly alter it and thus the nutritional behaviour.
In nutritional guidelines aimed at slimming the person "knows" what to do and what to eat, but feel powerless to do so. Something stronger than his desire to prevent. Come hungry without knowing that it should not do it, but does so in the absence of pleasure. When eating is a temporary relief from the negative feeling of anxiety, guilt comes back stronger, leading people to eat more, to make ease the tension.
The person begins to avoid fattening and a whole range of situations and activities, and gratuities thereon. Decrease physical activity gained because, questions there appearance and avoid going to places where they have to expose themselves physically. This restricts their social life and may tend to isolation. This reaction causes the removal of others, but the fat does not seem to realize that this is due to their behaviour and not its appearance.
This anxiety increases the loneliness which in turn reinforces the anxiety. Drying up the pleasures of the poor quality of life and growing anxiety, the food assumes the role of "stress reducer" and often, sole source of pleasure! ... Self denial of pleasure leads one to reject there body and leads to an infantile dependence of food, which is to symbolize the body satisfaction and eventually form a vicious cycle.
The most tenuous signs of anxiety, even before they become aware they can be "cushioned" by the act of eating, automatic.
The child, from birth, establishes a bond with the mother through breastfeeding. The first sensations of anxiety (unpleasant feeling negative) are experienced when the baby is hungry.
The stress relief (good feeling) is achieved when the child eats (satiety). With the growth receives influences of family and culture that help shape an "eating style", deeply associated with positive and negative emotions and modifiable hardly by persuasion and information only. Examples of this, are patients that even well-motivated and driven professionals and teach them balanced nutritional guidance, customized and tasty end self sabotaging it at some point, so irrational, showing feeding behaviour governed by dark emotions and not reason, and unprepared for the nutritional guidance.
Obesity becomes, in this way, a maladaptive form of a use of feeding behaviour in an attempt to cover up problems that become progressively insoluble, gradually reducing the options of one's life.
Psychology can and should collaborate with the medical-nutrition, enabling nutrition behaviour through the control of feeding behaviour that the foregoing, acting in various ways, leading the patient to reassess the "continuum" hunger-satiety, focusing on and treating the gains side that keeps the fat person, working on self-image, often hampered by treating the co morbidities associated with obesity, such as mood disorders (depression), social phobia, personality disorders with binge eating and others, but particularly anxiety, deviating from the act of eating, allowing behavioural changes that allow a new style of life, essential to weight loss and weight maintenance later.
Stroke
A stroke is, a disease associated with changes in the vessels of the brain, and these changes can be of two types: ischemic and hemorrhagic;
The first involves a reduction in cerebral blood flow. This flow is important because it allows the brain to carry oxygen and nutrients essential to the functioning of cells that constitute it. If this flow is reduced or stopped, brain cells fail to receive these essential elements and eventually die.
The hemorrhagic disorders account for changes in the permeability of blood vessels in the brain or even break them. Thus, there is output of blood vessels triggering the formation of a cluster of blood compressing the brain structures, altering their functioning.
When this happens the functions performed by the group of cells that die are lost and the individual has what is called neurological signs; manifestations of the lack of these same functions.
Why does stroke happen?
Well, it depends on the type of stroke that we are talking about; In the case of ischemic stroke are two main causes: thrombosis and embolism. A stroke happens when an artery for any reason will become increasingly narrow and eventually occlude (the most common reason is atherosclerosis). Embolism occurs when something that circulates in the bloodstream reaches an artery with smaller size and occludes (more often it is blood clots that form in arteries outside the brain or heart). There are other causes but are less common.
In the case of hemorrhagic stroke the two major causes are head trauma and the existence of change of the arteries, including aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, but more often changes caused by the existence of hypertension.
How can I prevent it?
Like all vascular diseases, the best treatment for stroke is prevention, identifying and treating risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, mellitus, high cholesterol, smoking and alcoholism. Regular exercise of moderate intensity at least three times a week can help, as a diet rich in fish, calcium and potassium. And Follow the advice of your doctor, especially if you are hypertensive, diabetic or have heart problems.
How to identify stroke?
• Ask first for the person to smile. If she moves her face just to one side, it may be having a stroke;
• Request to lift the arms. If there are difficulties in removing one or two after waking up, one fall, seek medical help;
• Give an order or ask the person to repeat a phrase. If she does not respond to the request, may be suffering a stroke.
Signals that precede a stroke:
• Sudden and severe headache without apparent cause;
• Numbness in the arms and legs;
• Difficulty speaking and loss of balance;
• Decrease or sudden loss of strength in the face, arm or leg on the left or right of the body;
• Sudden change in sensitivity, with tingling in the face, arm or leg on one side of body;
• Sudden loss of vision in one eye or both;
• Acute amendment speech, including difficulty to articulate and express words or to understand the language;
• Instability, sudden and intense vertigo and imbalance associated with nausea or vomiting.
Treatment:
For most patients, after a struck there is a long journey of medication, physiotherapy, speech therapy and neuropsychological rehabilitation according to the functions that were lost and the age of the patient.
The first involves a reduction in cerebral blood flow. This flow is important because it allows the brain to carry oxygen and nutrients essential to the functioning of cells that constitute it. If this flow is reduced or stopped, brain cells fail to receive these essential elements and eventually die.
The hemorrhagic disorders account for changes in the permeability of blood vessels in the brain or even break them. Thus, there is output of blood vessels triggering the formation of a cluster of blood compressing the brain structures, altering their functioning.
When this happens the functions performed by the group of cells that die are lost and the individual has what is called neurological signs; manifestations of the lack of these same functions.
Why does stroke happen?
Well, it depends on the type of stroke that we are talking about; In the case of ischemic stroke are two main causes: thrombosis and embolism. A stroke happens when an artery for any reason will become increasingly narrow and eventually occlude (the most common reason is atherosclerosis). Embolism occurs when something that circulates in the bloodstream reaches an artery with smaller size and occludes (more often it is blood clots that form in arteries outside the brain or heart). There are other causes but are less common.
In the case of hemorrhagic stroke the two major causes are head trauma and the existence of change of the arteries, including aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, but more often changes caused by the existence of hypertension.
How can I prevent it?
Like all vascular diseases, the best treatment for stroke is prevention, identifying and treating risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, mellitus, high cholesterol, smoking and alcoholism. Regular exercise of moderate intensity at least three times a week can help, as a diet rich in fish, calcium and potassium. And Follow the advice of your doctor, especially if you are hypertensive, diabetic or have heart problems.
How to identify stroke?
• Ask first for the person to smile. If she moves her face just to one side, it may be having a stroke;
• Request to lift the arms. If there are difficulties in removing one or two after waking up, one fall, seek medical help;
• Give an order or ask the person to repeat a phrase. If she does not respond to the request, may be suffering a stroke.
Signals that precede a stroke:
• Sudden and severe headache without apparent cause;
• Numbness in the arms and legs;
• Difficulty speaking and loss of balance;
• Decrease or sudden loss of strength in the face, arm or leg on the left or right of the body;
• Sudden change in sensitivity, with tingling in the face, arm or leg on one side of body;
• Sudden loss of vision in one eye or both;
• Acute amendment speech, including difficulty to articulate and express words or to understand the language;
• Instability, sudden and intense vertigo and imbalance associated with nausea or vomiting.
Treatment:
For most patients, after a struck there is a long journey of medication, physiotherapy, speech therapy and neuropsychological rehabilitation according to the functions that were lost and the age of the patient.
How to deal with Grief
Death is the most harrowing experience we went through. Sooner or later we will suffer the loss of someone close, can be a friend, a lover, a close relative. In our culture, speak and think very little about death. So do not learn to cope with bereavement: how we feel, what we do, what is "normal" case - and accept it.
Grief is a process that occurs immediately after the death of someone we love. There is a unique feeling, but a set of feelings and emotions that requires time to be digested and resolved and that can not be rushed, each of us has an "emotional time" that must be respected. Although we are individuals with our own characteristics, the way we experience the grief is very similar in most cases.
Talking about the grief remains to some extent, to be taboo. Moreover, we are almost always difficult to address the issues surrounding the death. But speaking of grief is much more than talk about the physical loss of someone we love. It is possible to experience grief at the end of a marriage, a situation of serious illness or after an accident whose consequences involve some form of disability. Sooner or later, all people have to deal with grief - and may do so on a more or less adjusted.
We know that grief is different from person to person. There is a “normal” way to mourn. Each person may experience different emotions, often combined in a kind of devastating turmoil. Emotional states can range from denial, sadness, anger, confusion, despair and even guilt.
In some cases, this suffering is reflected in a series of physical manifestations that include sleep problems, appetite changes, service outages and body aches.
The period of mourning may also vary from person to person - in some cases, this process can involve several months, but there are also people who reach the acceptance and adaptation only after some years.
Dealing with bereavement involves primarily:
Being able to express the emotions clearly; It is important to accept that all the feelings associated with loss is normal. Some people repress the expression of their thoughts and their feelings for fear that their relatives and friends can judge them. So if someone asks "How are you?" Have the courage to say how you feel.
Organize your thoughts; Write regularly (in a notebook, a diary, a blog, etc.) It is a therapeutic way of dealing with your loss. Focus on recognition and acceptance of their feelings. Reread what you wrote before and find that, over time, changes appear. This activity will help you to realize that all emotions are "normal" and that its intensity gradually decreases.
Facing memories; Sooner or later comes the confrontation with potentially uncomfortable situations. Escaping the activities that they do remember the person who lost will not help. Give yourself the opportunity to plan these activities and accept setbacks. Reviewing photographs, letters or postcards is part of mourning.
Postpone major decisions or changes; In the midst of pain, may become difficult to maintain the needed insight to decision-making, such as moving house or other changes involving financial commitments. Failing to postpone decisions, seek advice from family and friends.
Health care, our physical health goes hand in hand with emotional health and therefore, more than ever, it is essential to a careful diet, maintain good sleep and hygiene. In addition, regular physical exercise can relieve anxiety.
Seek help, There are people for whom the passage of time does not imply any change, much less relief. If you feel stuck in a loss, you may be at risk for depression and you should seek expert help.
Grief is a process that occurs immediately after the death of someone we love. There is a unique feeling, but a set of feelings and emotions that requires time to be digested and resolved and that can not be rushed, each of us has an "emotional time" that must be respected. Although we are individuals with our own characteristics, the way we experience the grief is very similar in most cases.
Talking about the grief remains to some extent, to be taboo. Moreover, we are almost always difficult to address the issues surrounding the death. But speaking of grief is much more than talk about the physical loss of someone we love. It is possible to experience grief at the end of a marriage, a situation of serious illness or after an accident whose consequences involve some form of disability. Sooner or later, all people have to deal with grief - and may do so on a more or less adjusted.
We know that grief is different from person to person. There is a “normal” way to mourn. Each person may experience different emotions, often combined in a kind of devastating turmoil. Emotional states can range from denial, sadness, anger, confusion, despair and even guilt.
In some cases, this suffering is reflected in a series of physical manifestations that include sleep problems, appetite changes, service outages and body aches.
The period of mourning may also vary from person to person - in some cases, this process can involve several months, but there are also people who reach the acceptance and adaptation only after some years.
Dealing with bereavement involves primarily:
Being able to express the emotions clearly; It is important to accept that all the feelings associated with loss is normal. Some people repress the expression of their thoughts and their feelings for fear that their relatives and friends can judge them. So if someone asks "How are you?" Have the courage to say how you feel.
Organize your thoughts; Write regularly (in a notebook, a diary, a blog, etc.) It is a therapeutic way of dealing with your loss. Focus on recognition and acceptance of their feelings. Reread what you wrote before and find that, over time, changes appear. This activity will help you to realize that all emotions are "normal" and that its intensity gradually decreases.
Facing memories; Sooner or later comes the confrontation with potentially uncomfortable situations. Escaping the activities that they do remember the person who lost will not help. Give yourself the opportunity to plan these activities and accept setbacks. Reviewing photographs, letters or postcards is part of mourning.
Postpone major decisions or changes; In the midst of pain, may become difficult to maintain the needed insight to decision-making, such as moving house or other changes involving financial commitments. Failing to postpone decisions, seek advice from family and friends.
Health care, our physical health goes hand in hand with emotional health and therefore, more than ever, it is essential to a careful diet, maintain good sleep and hygiene. In addition, regular physical exercise can relieve anxiety.
Seek help, There are people for whom the passage of time does not imply any change, much less relief. If you feel stuck in a loss, you may be at risk for depression and you should seek expert help.
Hyperactive Children:
How to act with them
Before anything, we must define what is, in fact, hyperactivity, because that term has been widely confused with business outright or even with indiscipline:
Hyperactivity, known in medicine for attention deficit disorder, can affect children, teenagers and even some adults. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and may include speech problems, memory and motor skills.
Although, the hyperactive child often have a normal intelligence or above average, the state is characterized by problems with learning and behaviour disabilities.
Teachers and parents of hyperactive children should be able to cope with the lack of attention, impulsivity, emotional instability and uncontrollable hyperactive child.
The hyperactive behaviour may be related to a loss of vision or hearing, a communication problem, as the inability to properly process the symbols and ideas that come up, emotional stress, seizures or sleep disorders. It may also be related to cerebral palsy, lead poisoning, abuse of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy, reaction to certain medicines or food and birth complications, such as oxygen deprivation during birth or trauma. These problems should be discarded as a cause of behaviour before treating hyperactivity in children.
The real hyperactive behaviour interferes with family life, school and social development.
Eliminate preservatives and sugar from your child's diet. It is the most important and vital to making the hyperactive child. Give your child a liquid supplement of calcium and magnesium.
Seek therapy and behaviour modification experience. These disciplines help children understand the problem which is fighting against the established goals and standards and to recognize and evaluate their behaviour. These programs teach internal controls that can be used in various situations. Your child will learn to offer rewards for their achievements and learn from their mistakes.
Cooperate with your doctor or therapist to develop behavioural modification programs. It is important that the program is clear, easily understood and easily executed by all who participate (children and adults).
Make sure that the two have understood that these programs help objectify and not to punish.
Develop a stable routine at home. To reduce confusion and the amount of daily stimuli, set specific times for eating and sleeping.
Seek therapy for you and your spouse, to help reduce the feelings of frustration and isolation; parents of hyperactive children need information and support. Seek help; surely you will find. You will learn to support your child and stay calm and close, even when things seem out of control. You also learn that it is important that parents take a holiday without feeling stressed or guilty about leaving a child "difficult" with other competent persons.
Try to assign a small task and quickly and gently insist that it is complete. Then be sure to thank and praise your child when the task has been completed.
It can not overemphasize the need for parents to have a break. Take an afternoon, an evening or a weekend. Contact with a person who can take care of your child. Call your parents and friends.
If you do this for your own good, do it for her son. Probably you will return feeling renewed, more peaceful and loving.
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